Coffea arabica Essay Example for Free

Coffea arabica Essay I. A. About the Industry Coffee is a brewed beverage with a distinct aroma and flavor, prepared from the roasted seeds of the Coffea plant. A coffee plant is usually a bush or small tree that grows to 10-12 feet (although it can grow up to 32 feet) and can produce coffee beans for decades. It can live for between 60 and 70 years. It can take up to four years for a coffee tree to reach maturity and bear fruit. The English word coffee originates from the Arabic word ‘kaweh’ meaning strength or vigor. The seeds are found in coffee cherries, which grow on trees cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in equatorial Latin America, Southeast Asia, South Asia and Africa. Green (unroasted) coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. Coffee is slightly acidic (pH 5. 0–5. 1) and can have a stimulating effect on humans because of its caffeine content. Commercial coffee is grown in an area between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn affectionately known as the â€Å"bean belt†. In order for the coffee plant to thrive, it needs moderate sunshine and rain, porous soil and constant temperatures between 65 and 75? F. Before the coffee bean can be used to make coffee, it has to be roasted. The roasting process changes the color of the green coffee beans. First they turn yellow and then brown. The longer they roast the darker they become. The strongest roasts result in black beans. At the same time, the heat causes changes in the taste and smell of the beans. Aromatic oils are released that bring out the flavor of coffee. In the nineteenth century, people roasted their coffee at home on their stoves or over open fires. Nowadays, the commercial coffee roasters use enormous ovens to roast the coffee. Temperature and time are carefully controlled, sometimes by computers, because just a few seconds can dramatically change the final flavor of the coffee. The roasting can be done in just a minute. In general, a light roast gives a mild taste, a medium roast produces a well–rounded, rich flavor and aroma and a high roast gives a strong, distinctive flavor. Coffee is one of the most consumed drinks after water. Coffee is one of the most traded commodities in the world after oil. Over 1400 million cups of coffee are drunk around the world each day. The majority of coffee is consumed at breakfast. Coffee berries, which contain the coffee seeds, are produced by several species of small evergreen bush of the genus Coffea. The two most commonly grown are also the most highly regarded Coffea arabica, and the robusta form of the hardier Coffea canephora. The latter is resistant to the devastating coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix). Once ripe, coffee berries are picked, processed, and dried. The seeds are then roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor, before being ground and brewed to create coffee. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways. An important export commodity, coffee was the top agricultural export for twelve countries in 2004, and it was the worlds seventh-largest legal agricultural export by value in 2005. Some controversy is associated with coffee cultivation and its impact on the environment. Consequently, organic coffee is an expanding market. The top 10 coffee-producing countries are: Brazil, Ethiopia, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Guatemala , Vietnam, Cote d’Ivoire, Mexico and Uganda. The emotional and physical benefits of coffee are numerous. Not only does coffee taste good, it can stimulate, relax and refresh the body. Coffee stimulates the senses through its caffeine content which stimulates metabolism and supports mental alertness and concentration. The body absorbs it within 30 minutes, and its positive effects may last 2-5 hours. Coffee relaxes the body because it hydrates it. Because water is the main ingredient in a cup of coffee, it helps the body work towards its daily water needs and is practically free of calories. Coffee also refreshes the body with its wealth of polyphenols. Polyphenols are nutrients that help maintain the body in good health over time. They are also found in green tea, fruits and cocoa. B. Brief History of Coffee The history of coffee goes at least as far back as the thirteenth century. The story of Kaldi, the 9th-century Ethiopian goat herder who discovered coffee while searching for his goats, did not appear in writing until 1671 and is probably apocryphal. From Ethiopia, coffee was said to have spread to Egypt and Yemen. The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen. By the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia, Turkey, and Northern Africa. Coffee then spread to Balkans, Italy, and to the rest of Europe, to Indonesia, Asia and then to America. Wild coffees energizing effect was likely first discovered in the northeast region of Ethiopia. Coffee cultivation first took place in southern Arabia; the earliest credible evidence of coffee-drinking appears in the middle of the 15th century in the Sufi shrines of Yemen. In East Africa and Yemen, coffee was used in native religious ceremonies that were in competition with the Christian Church. As a result, the Ethiopian Church banned its secular consumption until the reign of Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia. The beverage was also banned in Ottoman Turkey during the 17th century for political reasons and was associated with rebellious political activities in Europe In the Philippines, coffee has a history as rich as its flavor,† says the National Coffee Development Board (NCDB), whose main objective is to develop and promote the Philippine coffee industry through technical assistance and credit programs for coffee farms and through marketing and promotions of coffee for domestic and export markets. History records show that the first coffee tree was introduced in Lipa, Batangas in 1740 by a Spanish Franciscan monk. From there, coffee growing spread to other parts of Batangas like Ibaan, Lemery, San Jose, Taal, and Tanauan. Batangas owed much of its wealth to the coffee plantations in these areas and Lipa eventually became the coffee capital of the Philippines. â€Å"By the 1860s, Batangas was exporting coffee to America through San Francisco,† the NCDB- records. â€Å"When the Suez Canal was opened, a new market started in Europe as well. Seeing the success of the Batangenos, Cavite followed suit by growing the first coffee seedlings in 1876 in Amadeo. In spite of this, Lipa still reigned as the center for coffee production in the Philippines and Batangas barako was commanding five times the price of other Asian coffee beans. † In 1880, the Philippines was the fourth largest exporter of coffee beans, and. when the coffee rust hit Brazil, Africa and Java (Indonesia), it became the only source of coffee beans around the world. The coffee rust disease almost wiped it out during the last quarter of the 19th century. Coffee registered a total production of 123, 934 metric tons valued at P6818, 18 million in 1995. Today, however, the Philippines produces only . 012% of the worlds coffee supply. Efforts are being undertaken to revive the industry however, with the majority of coffee produced in the mountain areas of Batangas, Bukidnon, Benguet, Cavite, Kalinga, Apayao, Davao, and Claveria.

A Tradition of Spirituals Essay -- Essays Papers

A Tradition of Spirituals Origin of Spirituals A Look at Prominent Composers and Performers Including Literary Analysis of Spirituals: Wade In the Water Summertime Nobody Knows De Trouble I've Seen Deep River Sometimes I Feel Like A Motherless Child I Want Jesus To Walk With Me Spirituals: Age to Age Origin of Spirituals African American spirituals are one mode through which the melodies and rhythms of Africa found their way to America. Spirituals arose out of the songs the slaves would sing working in the fields on the plantations. In the fields the slaves developed a musical combination of "call and response" which becomes characteristic of gospel singing. Early spirituals acted for a number of practical functions for the slaves. Some were a mode of communication or a map to the North. Aside from these reasons, their song was a cry for freedom and salvation. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A Look at Prominent Composers and Performers Henry Thacker Burleigh (1866-1949) Henry Thacker Burleigh. was born on December 2, 1866,in Erie, Pennsylvania. His mother was a domestic worker, and it was advantageous to young Henry that his mother was so employed. His mother's employer, Mrs. Elizabeth Russell, would hold concerts by well-known performers in her home and Burleigh was permitted to attend. His interest in music was accute even at this young age and it would continue throughout his life and illustrious career. Burleigh sang in the choirs at St. Paul's and the Park Presbyterian Church as well as at the Reform Jewish Temple. It seemed that he was always singing. He sang while he worked at jobs such as stenographer (which he took on to s... ...adition, in varying forms, today. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bibliography Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Music. Seventh Edition Boatner, Edward. I Want Jesus To Walk With Me, Galaxy Music Corp.,1939. New York Burleigh, H.T. Album of Negro Spirituals, Belwin, Inc., Florida. 1969 Knowledge Adventure. Inc. (1998) Gospel Music: Where Blues and Spirituals Meet n.pag. Online. Internet. 18 Nov. 1998. Available:http://www.orat.ilst.edu/students/kgtarra Sionimsky, Nicholas, Schiemer Books. Advisor of Macmillan, Inc. New York. 1900. Terrance, Kelvin. "African American Music: The Spiritual.(1996): n.pag. Online.Internet. 18 Nov. 1998. Available: htttp://www.orat.ilst.edu/students/kgtarra. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Penn Foster Journal Enteries

That decomposing bodies can bring disease. Many religions turned such b when church and state were homogeneous. Modern medicinal technology allows for the harvesting of organs from a corpse, and the successful implantation of that organ into a living human being. Why is that worse than letting that same organ decompose? Treating our dead with respect and reverence is a beautiful characteristic of any society. By honoring the dead we are cherishing the memory of our loved ones, following paradigms of our various belief systems, and honoring the radiations of previous generations.None of those are time valued traditions hold their value if we do not put a higher value on our living than our dead. Our societies need to move forward, and let go of archaic belief systems that hinder our society and hold our citizens health hostage. Reflect If feel that my attitude to writing is relatively the same. My knowledge about writing though has increased substantially throughout this process.I fee l a lot of growth has happened as I have made my way through this Journey. I know a little bit more about my writing style. I have also learned many essay writing techniques that will prove invaluable as I continue my academic and professional careers. I think I could improve as a writer, by being more patient and allowing more time for my ideas to form. Some I am very thankful for the educational opportunity the English module at Penn Foster College has provided.

Did Our Way Of Processing Information Change - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 746 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category IT Essay Level High school Tags: Is Google Making Us Stupid Essay Did you like this example? Is Google Making Us Stupid? was a cover story magazine of the Atlantic, written by Nicholas Carr. It was published in July/August 2008. This article tells us how the Internet is affecting our way of processing information. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Did Our Way Of Processing Information Change?" essay for you Create order Carr did his best to find all sorts of evidence to convince his audience that the Internet is changing our brain. He did his research on studies from different universities, bloggers, and his own experiences on the issue. Carr enables the readers of the Atlantic to relate/ engage their emotions to his own observations. The knowledge that was given was to appeal to readers if they agree or disagree. As a reader, I find his argument somewhat effective because I did a little research on him that gave him more credibility. At the beginning of the article, Nicholas quoted a line from Stanley Kubricks 2001: A Space Odyssey, David Bowman states Ive had an uncomfortable sense that someone or something has been tinkering with my brain Im not thinking the way I used to think. Nichola is explaining how the supercomputer is messing with Dave Bowmans brain as a metaphor. When I did my research on Carr, whom is a known author for the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. One of his books in 2010, which was a Pulitzer Prize finalist and a New York Times bestseller. Throughout the article, he relies a tad bit on his fame to convince the readers that he is an expert on the subject. Most of what was mentioned in the article was based on his personal opinions on the issue. For those whom have no background information of Nicholas Carr, they might most likely automatically think the article would be ineffective. Carr moved on to mentioned how his friends and acquaintances experienced the same problem. Saying that most of them find it both difficult and cannot finish reading a book from beginning to end. I understand that he is trying to make his argument more credible by involving others who experience the same thing. In this case, he did not tell us who his friends were or what they did for a living or perhaps their age range which may have perhaps spread a little light on the conclusions they have on the subject. Anyone can agree or disagree with him, but what could have made them valid is their backgrounds. Carr also mentioned that he follows a few bloggers that have spoken about the subject, Bruce Friedman and Scott Karp. Scott Karp is someone who writes a blog about online media, and Bruce Friedman is someone who blogs regularly about the use of computers in medicine. No offense, but bloggers are also not as valid or as substantial not to completely dismiss their reviews. However, when it comes to reliable sources because anyone on the Internet can start a blog. University College London, a well-known university that Carr uses as one of his sources. The study from this university suggests that people who visited research sites usually skim through pages of a book or article. He failed to expand on this source for his argument because he only stated what he found from the university. His next source was from Maryanne Wolf, a developmental psychologist at Tufts University. Her expertise on the subject is that reading is not an instinctive skill for human beings. Meaning how we process information will depends on what we tell our brain to take in and how it is taken. Wolf said that how we read online is different from how we read printed text. Our ability of making connections while reading online lessen because of all the distraction that is part of the Internet. The third source he tried to use was a little story about Friedrich Nietzsche, a philosopher back in 1882. Nietzsche bought a typewriter which change his way of writing. Friends of Nietzsche said that his writing became duller, the quality of his writing is better through a pen and paper. Given the typewriter is a form of computer in its own way, the assessments based on Nietzsches drop-in quality or substance when it came to writing with his hands versus typing the story could be used as substantial evidence. I somewhat agree with his friends conclusions on his writings as I did a little research on his writings before tis use of the typewriter and after. I did indeed find his writings did to a point vary in terms of quality.